Blue stars are also often found in complex multi-star systems, where their evolution is much more difficult to predict due to the phenomenon of mass transfer between stars, as well as the possibility of different stars in the system ending their lives as supernovas at different times. The aging star has become a red giant star, and can be 100 times larger than it was in its main sequence phase. Red dwarf stars are the most common kind of stars in the Universe. – Typical age: Undetermined, but suspected to be several trillion years. -Typical Luminosity: ~10,000 to ~1,000,000 A Key Biosignature Called Phosphine has been Discovered in Venus' Atmosphere, Episode 683: Open Space 86: The Venus Announcement, and More…. Stars will remain in the T Tauri stage for about 100 million years. -Prevalence: ~0.00003% -Spectral Type: K, M But they are all basically the same, big balls of gas burning up to billions of light years away, right? Hydrogen (H) lines strongest for A0 stars, decreasing for other A's. A T Tauri star is stage in a star’s formation and evolution right before it becomes a main sequence star. Strong UV continuum. – Typical Luminosity: ~100 -~1000 If stars are even more massive, they will become black holes instead of neutron stars after the supernova goes off. -Typical Age: Undetermined, but expected to be several trillion years. However, neutron stars with very high spin rates may be able to resist collapsing into black holes even if they have substantially more than 3 solar masses. – Typical Temperature: ~3 300 – ~5 300K -Typical temperature: ~30,000K -Typical mass: ~2.5 to ~90 Examples of neutron stars include PSR J0108-1431 (closest neutron star); LGM-1 (first recognized radio-pulsar); PSR B1257+12 (first neutron star discovered with planets); SWIFT J1756.9-2508 (a millisecond pulsar with a stellar-type companion with planetary range mass); PSR B1509-58 (source of the “Hand of God” photograph taken by the Chandra X-ray Observatory); PSR J0348+0432 (most massive neutron star with a well-constrained mass of 2.01 ± 0.04 solar masses). There are even more bizarre kinds of stars, like neutron stars and Wolf-Rayet stars. We have recorded several episodes of Astronomy Cast about stars. If a star has between 1.35 and 2.1 times the mass of the Sun, it doesn’t form a white dwarf when it dies. https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter, Weekly Space Hangout: -Prevalence: ~73% https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK–MdCSg, Support us at: https://www.patreon.com/universetoday – Prevalence: ~0.7% – Typical Age: Largely undetermined, but estimated to be between ~100,000 years to ~10 billion years. This is the minimum amount of gravitational pressure you need to ignite fusion in the core. – Typical luminosity: Typically very low due to their small size Blue stars are typically hot, O-type stars that are commonly found in active star forming regions, particularly in the arms of spiral galaxies, where their light illuminates surrounding dust and gas clouds making these areas typically appear blue. We have also seen stars that are just one tenth the size of our sun. As the star’s core collapses and gets even hotter, the resulting heat subsequently causes the star’s outer layers to expand outwards. Nonetheless, the term blue giant is often mis-applied to some stars simply because they are big and hot. Main sequence stars are powered by the fusion of hydrogen (H) into helium (He) in their cores, a process that requires temperatures of more than 10 million Kelvin. The inward and outward forces balance one another out, and the star maintains a spherical shape. Typical Luminosity: ~0.08 to ~0.6 Also commonly referred to as “failed stars”, brown dwarfs are sub-stellar objects that fill the gap between the most massive gas planets, and the least massive true stars. Giants and supergiants form when a star runs out of hydrogen and begins burning helium. Our Sun is a main sequence star, and so are our nearest neighbors, Sirius and Alpha Centauri A. Episode 12: Where Do Baby Stars Come From, Episode 13: Where Do Stars Go When they Die, https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/, https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2, https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK–MdCSg, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw, Episode 690: The Opposition of Mars with Ralph Crewe, Episode 689: Open Space 90: Could We Drill for Life on Mars? -Typical Radius: ~20+ While there are several star classification systems in use today, the Morgan–Keenan (MK) system is both the easiest to master, and the one that makes the most sense to amateur observers.

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