[123] Dance forms such as Bharatanatyam are based on older temple dance forms known as Catir Kacceri, as practised by courtesans and a class of women known as Devadasis.[124]. It was those seals that Alexander Cunningham had found in the rubble in 1856, started to multiply in thousands in the archaeological digs that were carried out since 1922. Specifically, Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains and Zoroastrians have a history of using the word Aryan to mean the speaker of a native language. The word 'arya' was part of the words, e.g. But now the historians had second thoughts and exercised their birth-right to make alterations in historical details. Web0:00 / 7:44 Aryans vs. Dravidians" is a Myth | Dr. Subramanian Swamy ji The Festival of Bharat 275K subscribers Subscribe 653K views 4 years ago #Dravidian #Aryan The This led to the loss of the original inclusive-exclusive difference (later restored through fresh innovations) and was followed by a restructuring of the pronominal system in the first person. Aryans have a north Indian accent whereas Dravidians have a south Indian accent. Web-Dravidians are not very well-versed in Hindi. a pictographic and linear script, as far back as 1556. It must be, because we are Aryans the Barbarians, and Dravidians the Squat Creatures! What interests do the people of India have, to continue with the British policy after the Independence? He found the word ARYA used 33 times in the whole scripture, and in each case, the use did not refer to an ethnicity or a race. Thus, there has to be some genetic relationships, however, the statement from the researchers was that, 'they could not discern the geographic origin of that population from their data' (India West). It was a bold step taken by the committee of the Cal. "[90], With the rise of the Kuru Kingdom a process of Sanskritization started which influenced all of India, with the populations of the north of the Indian subcontinent predominantly speaking the Indo-Aryan languages.[91]. [77] Yet, according to Krishnamurti, Dravidian languages may have reached south India before Indo-Aryan migrations. All rights reserved The sculpture dating from the Chola period has become notable as a symbol of Hinduism. The changing conditions for survival in the last 175 years, brought self-interest in the fore-front, in turn created protective societies, that came to be known as 'caste system, which is a sickness in the body 'Hinduism'. Who ever came from the West is being given the credit for introducing cattle and horses in India. (2019) shows that the native South Asian genetic component is distinct from the Andamanese and thus that the Andamanese (Onge) are an imperfect and imprecise proxy for "ASI" ancestry in South Asians (there is difficulty detecting ASI ancestry in the North Indian Gujarati when the Andamanese Onge are used). The river had dried up around 1800 BC, where as it was in its full glory as far back as 3000 BC and earlier. gamaprmya of Ymuncrya, Issue 160 of Gaekwad's Oriental Series. In addition, adjectives precede the nouns they qualify, nouns carry postpositions and not prepositions, adverbs precede verbs, and auxiliaries follow the main verb. Aryan Durga Devi Vs. Dravidian Aryan vs. Dravidian - Compare Side by Side | reComparison migrations before the development of agriculture (8,0009,000 years before present (BP)); migration of western Asian people together with the spread of agriculture, maybe up to 4,600 years BP; migrations of western Eurasians from 3,000 to 4,000 years BP. community services, construction services, building of palaces and temples and art-work, etc. Thus, the river is no longer a mythical river. The European breed is known as Taurine (Bos Taurus). In Mahabharata, Bhishma claimed that southerners are skilled with sword-fighting in general and Sahadeva was chosen for the conquest of the southern kingdoms due to his swordsmanship. Thus, the geneticists went to work. He clarifies that 'it was by no means did the Portuguese enjoy a monopoly. One cannot have a better example of the historicity of the event that occurred few years after, as well as the scientific knowledge to be able to forecast an event with such accuracy. If one rejects the term Aryan, one should better speak only of Tamilian, not Dravidian. The third century BCE onwards saw the development of large Dravidian empires like Chera, Chola, Pandyan, Chutu, Rashtrakuta, Vijayanagara, Pallava, Chalukya, Hoysala, Kingdom of Mysore and smaller kingdoms like Ay, Alupa, Western Ganga, Eastern Ganga, Kadamba, Kalabhra, Andhra Ikshvaku, Vishnukundina, Western Chalukya, Eastern Chalukya, Sena, Kakatiya, Reddy, Mysore, Jaffna, Travancore, Venad, Cochin, Cannanore, Calicut and the Nayakas. [104][105] Modern words for god like "k" (Tamil: "king"), "iai" ( "emperor") and "avar" ( "conqueror") now primarily refer to gods. It was decided that the area south of the Vindhya would be suitable. However, these invaders (AIT), in addition to carrying out destruction and creating slavery, have provided Vedic history and culture and Vedic language Sanskrit, with a Caste System as the 'Jewel in the Crown'. Was there any fair-skinned population at the time of the Aryan arrival around 1500 BC? These people are supposed to have come to India from the trans-Himalayan regions through the river valleys. ANI formed out of a mixture of "Indus Periphery-related groups" and migrants from the steppe, while ASI was formed out of "Indus Periphery-related groups" who moved south and mixed further with local hunter-gatherers. The population of the world then was estimated at 5 million (The Economist - Dec 24, 2005), mostly settled around river deltas. Tolkappiyam mentions that each of these thinai had an associated deity such as Seyyon in Kurinji (hills), Thirumaal in Mullai (forests), and Kotravai in Marutham (plains), and Wanji-ko in the Neithal (coasts and seas). In this particular case, the horse was injured in the rib-cage, and the instructions are being given to the expert - vaidya, to treat the 34 ribs with care for its recovery. [15][41] In the 1990s, Renfrew and Cavalli-Sforza have also argued that Proto-Dravidian was brought to India by farmers from the Iranian part of the Fertile Crescent,[14][42][43][note 1] but more recently Heggerty and Renfrew noted that "McAlpin's analysis of the language data, and thus his claims, remain far from orthodoxy", adding that Fuller finds no relation of Dravidian language with other languages, and thus assumes it to be native to India. The present Dravidians, also composed of similar genetic origin-from Indigenous Indian Hunter Gatherers and Neolithic west Asian farmer-gatherers from Ancient Iran, while present-day Dravidian speakers also carry a small portion of steppe pastoralist and additional to the AASI (first populants of the Indian subcontinent) ancestry.[24][25][26]. [85] Some of those for which Dravidian etymologies are certain include kulya "nest", kulpha "ankle", daa "stick", kla "slope", bila "hollow", khala "threshing floor". Dravidian languages - Grammatical features and changes RIGVEDA - bOOK 1 HYMN 162 VERSE 18 - Vaidya being instructed to attend the injury to the RIB-CAGE of a horse, consisting of 34 ribs. This is very valuable material. Looks -Aryans are fair skinned as compared to Dravidians. The generally accepted concept of Aryans in India today, is that they are the ones living in northern India and Dravidians in Southern India. The reconstruction for 9, however, has some problems. Max Muller and the historians were tied up in knots with the Christian chronology. [78] This represents an early religious and cultural fusion[79][note 3] or synthesis[81] between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans. The largest Dravidian ethnic groups are the Telugus from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, the Tamils from Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Singapore, the Kannadigas from Karnataka, the Malayalis from Kerala, and the Tulu people from Karnataka. It was the first step. (2009) principally reflects gene flow from Iran and the Middle East". Ben, thank you for pointing out that the intellectuals have rejected the Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT), and I do hope that is the case. The megaliths of Hanamsagar, Vibhulitihalli in Karnataka, Asota in Pakistan, Pankri Barwadih and Rola in Jharkhand confirm that on contrary to popular notions these sciences were known to the tribals thousand of years prior to the Brahmin astronomers who built these primitive megalithic observatories to observe the transits of the celestial bodies as the sun much in the line of the World Heritage megaliths of Stonehenge, Newgrange and Callanish in UK (these too were erected for the same purpose). At the most,the word refers to group of people who have similar societal way of living, in contrast to the opponents, who were called 'Anarya'. The big Aryan-Dravidian debate: Inventing an invasion that reComparison, reCompare, ComparisonEngine and the "vs" symbol are trademarks of MicroTier, Inc, Sign
They are also found in large numbers in Middle East countries, the Americas and Australia. Why is it that no steps have been taken to correct the history of India since Independence? (Not Brahmins Vs Dalits .Gods dont have Caste idiots). Just as the Europeans were attracted by the word 'Arya' (nobleness), so were the Indians, as the word indicated the character and behavior of a person. He looked at the sound system of South Arabic and Old Aramaic age-wise, compared with the Indus script, and bingo, Dr Rao managed to decipher the Indus Script, and the outcome has been accepted, among others, by the University of California, Berkeley, in 1986. They failed miserably in this task. WebAryans and Dravidians have different accents. Welcome to America", "South and Island Southeast Asia; Languages", "The origins of Indians: What our genes are telling us", "Indian Craniometric Variability and Affinities", "Genetic study of Dravidian castes of Tamil Nadu", "Prehistoric genomes from the world's first farmers in the Zagros mountains reveal different Neolithic ancestry for Europeans and South Asians", "Y-chromosomal sequences of diverse Indian populations and the ancestry of the Andamanese", "Ancestry-Specific Analyses Reveal Differential Demographic Histories and Opposite Selective Pressures in Modern South Asian Populations", "An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers", "Pot route could have linked Indus & Vaigai", "Peoples and languages in pre-Islamic Indus valley", "A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery", "How climate change ended world's first great civilisations", "Climate change caused Indus Valley civilization collapse", Dravidian languages Britannica Online Encyclopedia, "Tamil leads as India tops film production", "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", "Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state", "Aryan migration: Everything you need to know about the new study on Indian genetics", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dravidian_peoples&oldid=1139791998, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2021, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Gondi belong to the central Dravidian subgroup. HYDERABAD: The great Indian divide along north-south lines now stands blurred. In Streams of Civilizations, Stanton & Hyma, goes even further and states that, 'in fact, there is so much evidence now to show that, very ancient people were highly skilled, that some people have jumped to the conclusion that they must have come by space-ship from some more civilized planet out in space'. Telugu has a nativelike form wyi 1,000, but its etymology is uncertain. [71] Knorozov's suggestion was preceded by the work of Henry Heras, who suggested several readings of signs based on a proto-Dravidian assumption. Rig-veda, Book 1, Hymn 162, Verse 18 - Ashwamedh Yagna, to honor a horse, after serving the ruler, was being carried out. But, now, the termite infested cupboard was falling apart. Telugu of South-Central Dravidian and Kurukh-Malto of North Dravidian have preserved the Proto-Dravidian gender in the singular but independently extended the meaning of *aw-ar to human as happened in South Dravidian. Stupid me, they were from a planet out in space! Aryans are Indo-European, but Dravidians are not. It is hypothesized that the proto-Elamo-Dravidian language, most likely originated in the Elam province in southwestern Iran, spread eastwards with the movement of farmers to the Indus Valley and the Indian sub-continent.". One of the events mentioned in the Mahabharat is Lord Krishna's instructions to his Sarthi, to go to Dwarika to inform the citizens, of the imminent submergence of the city due to rise in sea-level. The Rigveda was the so-called First Book of the Aryans. Originally saris were worn bare, but during the Victorian era, women began wearing blouse (called a ravike) along with sari. The Brahmins (7% of the Hindu population), Kshatriya and Vaishyas (23%) and the Shudras (70%), all had tasks allocated to them. Toda and Erukala (a dialect of Tamil) of South Dravidian and Brahui of North Dravidian have lost gender and preserved only number. Dr S R Rao, formerly the head of the Archaeological Survey of India, was free of the narrow vision of the past Indo-logists. Even in the last 2000 years, the Jews, Christians, Parsis, Agakhanis, and recently, the Tibetans have come to India to settle. Thread: Aryan vs Dravidians - A Myth by Dr. Dr. Subramanian Swamy. Re. What are the differences between Aryans and Dravidians? The author misses out on the tribal factor for reasons better known to him. Webmeaning of boo boo in a relationship Search. He collected all the possible different signs on the seals - separated them between simple signs and letters with additional signs. [27] Traders and religious leaders travelled to southeast Asia and played an important role in the cultural Indianisation of the region. It has always been used as an adjective in the Hindu books and scriptures. For all these Unis, the hot subject was the 'Comparative Philology'. In fact, until the late 19th century most Kerala women did not wear any upper garments, or were forced to by law, and in many villages, especially in tribal communities, the sari is worn without the blouse. The historians toiled for decades now,to locate their own ancestors, who could be the supposed owners of a Mother Tongue, that became a basis for, at least, all the Indo-European languages. WebThe most important characteristic features of this type are broad-head, dark complexion with yellowish tinge and scanty hair on face and body. To-day, the population of India has reached a billion mark. After adulthood girls begin using the sari. [86] While J. Bloch and M. Witzel believe that the Indo-Aryans moved into an already Dravidian-speaking area after the oldest parts of the Rig Veda were already composed. Aryans can easily speak Hindi. Aryans and Dravidians have different accents. Imagine being a Kashmiri/Punjabi aryan and sharing a country with people who look like this. suggest that the South Indian tribal Paniya people would serve as a better proxy than the Andamanese (Onge) for the "native South Asian" component in modern South Asians. These tribal Dravidian languages preserve more archaic forms than the literary Dravidian languages of South India. The English trading community too, had their presence around 1600. Please, do not be unhappy about the darker skin, I have one. Murugan (also known as Seyyon) was glorified as the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent, as the favoured god of the Tamils. [72], Linguist Asko Parpola writes that the Indus script and Harappan language are "most likely to have belonged to the Dravidian family". Medieval Tamil guilds and trading organisations like the Ayyavole and Manigramam played an important role in the southeast Asia trade. The Governor called the Aryan-Dravidian divide a handiwork of the British, which has been criticised as toeing the Hindutva line on the issue. India was no Americas - India had to deal with invasion for centuries. We don't demand any better! During this time Portuguese Jesuit priests also arrived and converted a small number of people in modern Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu to Catholicism, most notably the Paravars. Apparently all the forms were in use dialectally in Proto-Dravidian. [23] Many of these features are already present in the oldest known Indo-Aryan language, the language of the Rigveda (c. 1500 BCE), which also includes over a dozen words borrowed from Dravidian. The gender-number-person categories of the subject phrase in a sentence are reflected as the final constituent of certain finite verbs, as demonstrated by Tamil avan1 va-nt-n2 (literally he1 come-past-person2) he1 came2. Malayalam has lost this agreement feature in finite verbs. Das needs to clarify what he means by 'Aryanisation of India'. Jewish Wedding vs. Christian Wedding: Wedding Comparison, Narendra Modi vs. Nitish Kumar: Top CMs of India, Land of snake charmers to land of intellectuals: Transition of India, National Debt Of Portugal vs. Greece Compared. Thus, Aryans the Conquistadors, the Barbarians, the Illiterates, enter India, lined up the women, and injected the genes, however forgot to maintain records, and now cannot trace it back! The stature is usually short or below medium. Dravidians also live in central India and other countries like Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. The Proto-Dravidian gender was presumably masculine versus non-masculine, in both the singular and the plural. In the 1850s Max Muller introduced the notion of two Aryan races, a western and an eastern one, Weech (History of the World) opines that 'the **** type ssems early to have passed from Africa to South India', where as Bouquet (Comparative Religion) has not ruled out 'sea-borne invasion'. The linguists did not achieve success until Napoleon Bonaparte came along and conquered Egypt in 1779, brought home, a Rosetta Stone, that enabled the linguists to decipher the Egyptian script. Thus, the statement that we stated off with is not applicable to the people of South India. WebDravidian and Indo-Aryan (Indo-Iranian) are language groups, not clans or cultures. They were not builders. There were good reasons, for the Biblical Great Flood in 2350 BC, as well as the submergence of the Dwarica due to rise in the sea level around 3050 BC, and even the Ram Setu (Adam's Bridge) being under water for the same reasons. In the case of the Indus script, all the above factors were unavailable to the linguists, and they could not think of any other way, until the arrival of Dr. S R Rao, N Jha, and Rajaram on the scene after the independence. Due to the complexity of draping the sari, younger girls start with a skirt called a pavada. The historians correctly worked out the qualities of character of their fore-fathers had. All of them put their heads together and created a truly Indian Wild West story - From the West came the fair-skinned Aryans, riding in their chariots, whipping the dark-skinned Dravidians, pushing them further South, and occupying the vacant land. had 4582% Iranian farmer-related ancestry and 1150% AASI (or Andamanese-related hunter-gatherer ancestry). [127] Among some communities, young girls received preliminary training up until the onset of puberty. South-Central Dravidian (except Telugu) and Brahui use the first form, *-(n)k(k)a; Central Dravidian and Tulu use the second and third forms; Telugu uses the second alone; and South Dravidian uses the third alone. Dravidian Influence on Indo-Aryan: The Case of the Tens of thousands of hand-written Sanskrit scripts were collected from all over India and sent to various European locations for study. The object of the AIT was to demean the Indians. Under the guidance of St. Francis Xavier, Inquisition was carried out. Now the people decided to express gratitude to God, and started to build the Tower of Babel. This sari consists of a cloth wrapped around the waist and draped over the shoulder. The present population is greatly affected by the D & R Policy, the main basis being the AIT. Thus, today, Aztec, Inca and Mayan civilizations are in name only. 469654 >>469652 even african 'people' look better than this monster Some theories concern the direction of derivation between tami and drvia; such linguists as Zvelebil assert that the direction is from tami to drvia.[32]. [56] Gallego Romero notes that Indians who are lactose-tolerant show a genetic pattern regarding this tolerance which is "characteristic of the common European mutation". White skinned people of the world are late comers. 'These were white men like Semites, but they spoke a different language, which is regarded as the common ancestor of all European languages with some exceptions'. Alexander Cunningham, then Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India, saw characters written on seals that had been found in the rubble'. He had no intention nor interest to take any further steps. Once, it was decided among the wise and the learned that, as it has become necessary, Agatsya Muni should be authorized to locate an area where educational activities can be carried out, in safety and in peace. In the last century or two, cross-breeding has taken place in the West. If the system in South-Central and Central Dravidian is understood to reflect the retention of the parent language, the shift of meaning in the plural in the other languages can be explained as a natural one from men to men and women (mixed groups) to women (exclusively), thus generalizing the meaning to any human group. Vedic Sapt-Rishis going around the world with their troupe of helpers, or 20 tribes from the East, only 12 reached its destination, or the westward movements of the Jews, Christians, Parsis, Aghakhanis from persecution, as well as Greeks, Romans and the Chinese coming to Takshila and Nalanda, followed by the children of Japheth and Shem to rule, must have left behind some genetic imprint that can be matched with our friends from the West. They are fair, dark with characteristically large eyes. Dravidian vs Indo-Aryan? : r/AskHistorians - reddit Was the mingling with the 'war-like Aryans (Van Loon)' voluntary or forced? The subject for discussion -Aryan vs Dravidian- has special significance for the Europeans, that is further highlighted by the last Text Book Revision conducted by the CA Educational Authority. While Pali and Prakrits were not used by Brahmins, both Pali and Prakrits were IndoAryan languages and ultimately derived from Vedic Sanskrit, which seems to have been brought by MLBA-rich people from Central Asia. [25], Yelmen et al. does not say aryans came from persia it says they came from that direction, please be extra accurate with this matter because persians use this little fault to prove themselves as aryans while they are very semitic, they even use pictures of iranian azeri turks to prove themselves as whites! This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 22:46. [20][24], Although in modern times speakers of various Dravidian languages have mainly occupied the southern portion of India, Dravidian speakers must have been widespread throughout the Indian subcontinent before the Indo-Aryan migration into the subcontinent. The changes were made to the education system - to replace the old and ancient system of education and her culture, thus break the very backbone of this nation as Lord Macaulay predicted. The Indo-Aryan languages occupy roughly the northern two thirds of the subcontinent. Most of the names of hills, rivers, villages and towns particularly in North India are austric (Mundaric/tribal)in origin and not in Indo-Aryan languages. [30] In Amaravati in present-day Andhra Pradesh there is an inscription referring to a Dhamila-vaniya (Tamil trader) datable to the 3rd century CE. A question would naturally arise in your mind - when did the Aryans developed the language Sanskrit and gifted it to the people of India? Examples include Telugu reu pustaklu two books and naluguru manuulu four people (-guru is from *-war). In complex sentences, the main verb clause occupies the final position and is preceded by subordinate clauses that end in nonfinite verbs (those that are perfective, durative, conditional, concessive, and so on). Now he must show to the world that Europeans can correct the history, too. Direction: Although not a very important topic, however, UPSC can ask about language and culture-related themes based on this issue. I hope, there are many more like you and who also share. Would the ancestors of these 16th, 17th century Europeans have any different characters? Further, he proposed that, 'we replace her old and ancient education system, her culture, for if the Indians think that, if all that is foreign and English is good and greater than their own, they will loose their self-esteem, and they will become what we want them, a truly dominated nation'. The reconstructed personal pronouns are *yn or *yan- I, *ym/*yam- we (excluding the people spoken to), *m/*am- we (including the people spoken to), *nin/*nin- you (singular), *nm/*nim- you (plural), and *tn/*tan- self (often used as a substitute for the third-person pronouns). The width, in some parts of the course of the river was so wide, that the name Sarasvati-Sindhaive Sagar has been in use in the scriptures. Culture Aryans-North Indians are Sanscrit language based speakers and Dravidyans-south Indians are Tamil language based speakers. Both groups of these Indi [94], Chola-style temples consist almost invariably of the three following parts, arranged in differing manners, but differing in themselves only according to the age in which they were executed:[121], Besides these, a south Indian temple usually has a tank called the Kalyani or Pushkarni to be used for sacred purposes or the convenience of the priests dwellings for all the grades of the priesthood are attached to it, and other buildings for state or convenience. These neolithic farmers migrated from the Fertile Crescent, most likely from a region near the Zagros Mountains in modern-day Iran, to South Asia some 10,000 years ago. Because of contact with Hindi and Bengali, Kurukh and Malto introduced gender distinction in the first and second persons also. Nagalingam, Pathmarajah (2009). Each of the Dravidian languages has developed several postpositions from independent words that indicate case meanings (e.g., near, up to, until, purpose, cause, above, below, by the side of). However, the negotiations carried out with the CDE in respect of the Text-book Revision, would amply explain, that hard work lies ahead of the negotiators. Horses - Impressions upon thousands of SEALS have been found. The article seems to be a consequence of erroneous scholariness and faulty research. Divorce vs. Talaq: What's the difference? Wouldn't you like to know that Indian cattle have HUMPS on their backs (ZEBU-BOS INDICUS), and the European cattle (Longhorn, Hereford, BOS TAURUS) have no humps on their backs! 1941), states that 'the first wave of Nordics believed to have passed into India somewhere about 1700 BC, others followed in succession'. The framers of the fiction of the Aryans still had some way to go. The figure of Lord Shiva appeared on some, therefore the assumption was made that the Indus script could be the basis for Dravid languages.The positive outcome would provide great relief to the supporters of AIT. He wanted Ghadhiji to under-take movement to abolish the caste system. Such indulgence has nothing to do with the freedom of speech nor expression of any-one. [29] In Prakrit, words such as "Damela", "Dameda", "Dhamila" and "Damila", which later evolved from "Tamila", could have been used to denote an ethnic identity. The two groups (ANI and ASI) extensively mixed in India between 4,200 and 1,900 years ago (2200 BCE 100 CE). The dilema of the historians continue. They also have distinct cultural beliefs different from those of the Aryans. The word 'Dravid" implies to a person who is the knower(drasta) of knowledge (Vidya), or a person from whom the knowledge flows. Tuluvas are found in coastal Karnataka and Northern Kerala (Kasaragodu district) in. The Aryans are trying to rule the world thjrough their International Aryan League. This proves Aryan invasion theory was wrong. The formation of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal took place in 1784, that was followed by Socitie Asiatique of Paris in 1822, Royal Asiatic Society of G.B. If the historians had stopped at creating the invaders, it would have been accepted as normal event, as there were other intruders into India as well. All that the other three did not do! The native Indians had been conquered without great difficulty by the war-like Aryans, and there-after, the Aryans had been the rulers and masters of tens of millions of docile little brown men'. The details about the horse is very interesting, too.