Die um 1900 zunehmende Gegnerschaft zwischen Großbritannien und Deutschland erhielt eine auf den möglichen Seekrieg bezogene Eigendynamik: Bereits vor dem Krieg hatte die Admiralität Großbritanniens den Plan entwickelt, im Kriegsfall Deutschland in einem globalen Wirtschaftskrieg in die Knie zu zwingen; vorgesehen war die Blockade der See- und Kommunikationswege, die Zensur der Unterseekabel und das Abschneiden des deutschen Kaiserreichs von den Internationalen Finanzmärkten. The study also estimated an additional 209,000 Spanish flu deaths in 1918[24] A study sponsored by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940 estimated the German civilian death toll at over 600,000. Seeblockaden im Zweiten Weltkrieg, deutsche U-Boot-Blockade gegen Großbritannien, Großmanöver und Seeblockaden nach 1945, Kuba-Blockade 1962. [9], The first accounts of the effects of the blockade in English were by humanitarians, diplomats, and medical professionals. and giving up alcohol for the duration, the German Royal Family The British naval blockade as early as 1915 had reduced German imports by 55 percent from pre-War levels. [Declaration of war]
Since 1945, the United Nations Security Council determines the legal status of blockades and by article 42 of the UN Charter, the council can also apply blockades. be used for making war including food, the aim was to starve the Germany began to run short of many important raw materials needed to produce munitions and arms as well as the economy as a whole. Oktober 1918 zu einem Entlastungsangriff auf die britische Marine, um deren anhaltende Seeblockade am 28. The British when the Germans invaded Belgium (August 1914), had only a small force to send accross the Channel to assit the Belgians and French. and tasted awful. Die britischen Planungen wurden aufgegeben, nachdem die US-Regierung davon erfahren und dagegen opponiert hatte, obwohl zuvor das britische Regierungskabinett 1912 den Plan der Admiralität gebilligt hatte.[2]. Allied offensives on the Western Front cracked the German front forcing them back toward Germany. [27], C. Paul Vincent maintains that for the German people, these were the most devastating months of the blockade because "in the weeks and months following the armistice, Germany's deplorable state further deteriorated. That period became known as the Steckrübenwinter or Turnip Winter.[7]. 213. The Blockade of Germany, or the Blockade of Europe, occurred from 1914 to 1919. The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 claimed that 763,000 German civilians died from starv… In fact it was a critical part of the war, especially the naval blockade of Germany. The Germans also did mobilize women for war work as did the British and Americans. The preminent factor was the Allied naval blockade. The British extended the blockade to the Netherlands, although the British did allow some Dutch commerce, as long as it brought no benefit to the Germans. The evidence I have received
shows
the great danger of a collapse of the entire structure of German social and national life, under the pressure of hunger and malnutrition." The figures for the last six months of 1918 were estimated. The Blockade of Germany, or the Blockade of Europe, occurred from 1914 to 1919. The observational blockade became the 'distant blockade.' signed it, the British did not, but, as had the Americans in 1856, they What You Need To Know About The British Naval Blockade Of The First World War During the First World War, Britain intended to use its powerful navy to starve Germany and Austria-Hungary into submission. which were the basis of the fertilisers were also basic to high We are enforcing the blockade with vigor. The Crown Imports of foodstuffs and war materiel of European belligerents came primarily from the Americas and had to be shipped across the Atlantic Ocean, thus Britain and Germany both aimed to blockade each other. [10][11], The blockade hurt American exports. This was almost impossible prior to the 16th century due to the nature of the ships used.[6]. Some blane this for the NAZIs and World War I. conditional contraband, it can be seized without payment, though this can Also, Germany's largest ally Austria-Hungary had already signed an armistice on 3 November 1918, exposing Germany to an invasion from the south. The effort threatened Britain, but ultimately failed. 164.] A blockading power can seek to cut off all maritime transport from and to the blockaded country; although stopping all land transport to and from an area may also be considered a blockade. -------[Geo-political crisis]
It was a prolonged naval operation conducted by the Triple-Entente powers during and after World War I[3] in an effort to restrict the maritime supply of goods to the Central Powers, which included Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. The Royal Navy patrolled the North Sea and intercepted cargo vessels suspected
We are not familiar with a definitive assessment of the number of Germans who actually died because of the Allied blockade. All of those schemes enjoyed only limited success, and the average daily diet of 1,000 calories was insufficient to maintain a good standard of health, resulting by 1917 in widespread disorders caused by malnutrition such as scurvy, tuberculosis and dysentery. The Germans after reintroducing unrestricted sunmarine warfare began to cut into imports in mid-1917. neutral) and a judicial proceeding is held to confirm that the cargo was According to the New Cambridge Modern History food imports into Germany were controlled by the Allies after the Armistice with Germany until Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919. Many were children.
the other of adhering to these provisions. The study estimated 424,000 war related deaths of civilians over the age of one in Germany, not including Alsace-Lorraine, and the authors attributed the civilian deaths over the prewar level primarily to food and fuel shortages in 1917–1918. Sie hatte das Ziel, den Gegner von der Zufahrt zu allen Seewegen abzuschneiden, was später auch die allgemeine Versorgung Deutschlands stark beeinträchtigte. Riots broke out in Germany cities. searched for any contraband - anything that could [7], The British — with their overwhelming sea power — established a naval blockade of Germany immediately on the outbreak of war in August 1914, issuing a comprehensive list of contraband that all but prohibited American trade with the Central Powers, and in early November 1914 stated the North Sea to be a war zone, with any ships entering the North Sea doing so at their own risk. [Trench warfare]
The bread winners in many families were at the front leaving their families destitute. Die Seeblockade, seltener auch Seesperre, ist eine wichtige Strategie in einem Seekrieg und auch in manchen Wirtschaftskriegen. [Causes]
Blockade and sea power; the blockade, 1914–1919, and its significance for a world state, by Maurice Parmelle New York, Thomas Y. Crowell Co. [1924] pages 221–226, Jay Winter, “Some Paradoxes of the First World War,” in The Upheaval of War: Family, Work and Welfare in Europe, 1914-1918, ed. Die neue Reichsregierung war jedoch strikt gegen diesen Angriff und setzte sich durch, nachdem sie durch den in Kiel ausgebrochenen Matrosenaufstand Unterstützung erhielt. In fact it was a critical part of the war, especially the naval blockade of Germany.
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