Rhamphosuchus ("Beak crocodile") is an extinct relative of the modern false gharial.It lived during the Miocene and its fossils have been found in two regions; the Siwalik Hills of Pakistan and India as well as the Sindh region of Pakistan.It is only known from incomplete sets of fossils, mostly teeth and skulls. The relationship of tomistomines in particular is unclear, as they have also been classified as crocodiles. Gryposuchinae is an extinct subfamily of gavialid crocodylians. However, there may be evidence that Piscogavialis survived this mass extinction, persisting on the Pacific coast of Pliocene Peru for a few million more years. However, although most of their history is recorded on the continent, dispersion was achieved via a prior presence in the Caribbean (Aktiogavialis, the oldest known gryposuchine, from in the Middle Oligocene of Puerto Rico, and Dadagavialis in the Early Miocene of Panama, respectively). [1], Gryposuchinae was named in 2007 as a subfamily of closely related gavialid crocodilians. Additionally, whereas the other genera had one or two species each, Gryposuchus had five, one of which (G. croizati) was the largest of the superfamily on record, at an estimated length of 10m. Known locations: India.

The co-current aridification of the continental interior, and isolation of the peripheral wetland basins, also restricted the space and food resources of these large, food intensive specialist crocodilians, and has thus also been suggested as an essential factor in their extinction.

Found in association with dugongs and sea turtles, "Ikanogavialis papuensis" was a marine animal like its ancestors, a 2-3 meter long coastal piscivore so far known only from Murua. Gryposuchinae Temporal range: Middle Oligocene - Holocene , 28–0.117 Ma [7][9][10] Several other gavialid taxa also went extinct globally, suggesting a major global climate change event. "A gharial from the Oligocene of Puerto Rico: transoceanic dispersal in the history of a non-marine reptile", "New remains of a gavialoid crocodilian from the late Oligocene−early Miocene of the Pirabas Formation, Brazil", "The crocodylomorph fauna of the cenozoic of South America and its evolutionary history: A review", "Fourteen closely related crocodiles existed around 5 million years ago", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gryposuchinae&oldid=976633693, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 4 September 2020, at 02:53. Gryposuchus pachakamue is a long-snouted gavialoid crocodylian diagnosed by the following unique combination of characters: ... highly diversified community dominated by small caimans with crushing dentitions reflecting a specialized malacophagous diet . The subfamily Gryposuchinae are the sole members of the superfamily Gavialoidea to occupy South America, the duration of which is entirely limited to the Miocene. It was defined as a stem-based taxon including Gryposuchus jessei and all crocodilians more closely related to it than to Gavialis gangeticus (the gharial) or Tomistoma schlegelii (the False gharial).

[1] Other gavialoids from the Americas include thoracosaurs from the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene and long-snouted tomistomines from the Eocene, but neither of these groups are closely related to gryposuchines. In the Late Miocene Gryposuchinae diversity explodes, with Gryposuchus and Ikanogavialis being joined by Hesperogavialis, of Venezuela and Brazil, Piscogavialis of coastal Peru, and Aktiogavialis, re-appearing in the fossil record once more, also in Venezuela. [1][4] Furthermore, indeterminate gavialoid remains have recovered from the Oligo-Miocene boundary of coastal Brazil. Below is a cladogram from the 2007 analysis showing the phylogenetic relationships of gryposuchines among gavialoids:[1] Hesperogavialis was excluded due to a lack of skull material, and Dadagavialis due to its 2018 discovery.[3]. One distinguishing feature of the group is the lack of a large exposure of the prootic bone around the trigeminal foramen, a hole in the side of the braincase wall. Gryposuchus is an extinct genus of gavialoid crocodilian.It is the type genus of the subfamily Gryposuchinae. Fossil representation: Several fossils of teeth with jaw and skull fragments. [11] Futhermore, crocodyloids would recolonize South America via the African Crocodylus in the early Pliocene,[7] whereas gryposuchines would only re-appear in the fossil record six million years later, as "Ikanogavialis" papuensis, in the Late Pleistocene/Holocene marine sediments of the Woodlark Island, in the Solomon Sea.

On the flipside, whereas most gryposuchines were restricted to a certain coastal region and time period, Gryposuchus enjoyed a continent wide distribution, spread from Andeo-Venezuelan drainage basin to Argentina from the Middle Miocene onwards. Gryposuchus, Ikanogavialis and Siquisiquesuchus represent the first known members of Gryposuchinae in Early Miocene of South America, colonizing around Colombia and Venezuela. Moreover, warm equatorial currents run across the Atlantic from Africa to the Americas, assisting in travel. In younger beds at … Molnar, R. E. 1982. Size: 8‭ ‬to‭ ‬11‭ ‬meters long,‭ ‬although earlier estimates suggested that it may have been bigger. At this point, five of the seven genera are present in the Late Miocene, with four genera overlapping in the Urumaco Formation of Venezuela alone, a particular hotspot for crocodilian diversity in the Miocene. However, "Ikanogavialis" papuensis may have survived more recently, into the Late Pleistocene/Holocene. Separated by a geographical barrier of at least 10,000 km, this gavialoid had presumably reached Melanesia in a similar fashion as Brachylophus and Lapitiguana iguanas, being carried by Pacific oceanic currents. Gryposuchines have long, narrow snouts and protruding eye sockets. Based on the deposits in which they were found, most genera of gryposuchines were solely estuarine, coastal or marine-dwelling; only the genera Gryposuchus and Hesperogavialis had some level of freshwater presence. Additionally, indeterminate finds of gavialoids (all in either coastal or marine sediments) are present in early Miocene Jimol Formation and for the early/middle Miocene Castilletes Formation in Colombia,[6][7] and from the Oligo-Miocene boundary Pirabas Formation of coastal Brazil,[5] Gryposuchus and Ikanogavialis persist into the Middle Miocene, with the freshwater-adapting Gryposuchus expanding throughout the Pebas mega-wetlands into inland Peru and Argentina.

The group was named in 2007 and includes genera such as Gryposuchus and Aktiogavialis. [8], At the Miocene/Pliocene boundary, all gryposuchines, and thus the entire superfamily of Gavialoidae, along with the first wave of crocodyloids (Brasilosuchus and Charactosuchus, which also colonized during the Miocene) were likely extirpated from South America, with Caimaninae undergoing a severe reduction in size and diversity as well. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 20, 675-685. Most were long-snouted coastal forms. [5] The origin of these gryposuchines is unclear, although traditionally, an African origin has been favoured as gavialids would have been more likely to cross the Atlantic Ocean than the longer expanses of the Pacific Ocean. Diet: Carnivore. Like other Pleistocene gharials, the species was presumably was hunted to extinction by humanity.[12]. A longirostrine crocodilian from Murua (Woodlark), Solomon Sea. [2], A phylogenetic analysis conducted in the 2007 study found Gryposuchinae to include the genera Aktiogavialis, Gryposuchus, Ikanogavialis, Piscogavialis, and Siquisiquesuchus. Fossils have been found from Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil and the Peruvian Amazon.The genus existed during the Miocene epoch (Colhuehuapian to Huayquerian).One recently described species, G. croizati, grew to an estimated length of 10 metres (33 ft). Four species belonging into the genus Gavialis may be included. The group was named in 2007 and includes genera such as Gryposuchus and Aktiogavialis. Gryposuchines lived mainly in the Miocene of South America. Time period: Miocene. This was likely due to the continuing elevation of the northern sections of the Andes chain reshaping the future Amazonian drainage system, re-rerouting flow to the Venezuelan Caribbean to the much cooler Atlantic, and transforming the mega-wetlands into a fully developed riverine system.


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