Aerodynamic forces could force the intakes into the improper position, and so they should have the ability to control the engines if this occurs. ", Burger, Κ.Η. [278] When the Tornado GR1s were upgraded to become GR4s, GR1A aircraft were upgraded to GR4A standard. [254] Between September 2014 and January 2019, RAF Tornados accounted for 31% of the estimated 4,315 casualties inflicted upon ISIL by the RAF during the operation. [65] These features, in combination with the thrust reverser-equipped engines, give the Tornado excellent low-speed handling and landing characteristics. [36] The first RAF Tornados (ZA320 and ZA322) were delivered to the TTTE at RAF Cottesmore on 1 July 1980. Spick, Mike and William Green, Gordon Swanborough. A planned programme to fit GR1s with the GEC-Marconi TIALD laser designation system was rapidly accelerated to give the Tornado force the ability to self-designate targets. [20] The front fuselage and tail assembly was assigned to BAC (now BAE Systems) in the United Kingdom; the centre fuselage to MBB (now part of Airbus) in West Germany; and the wings to Aeritalia (now Leonardo) in Italy. The Tornado was operated by the Royal Air Force (RAF), Italian Air Force, and RSAF during the Gulf War of 1991, in which the Tornado conducted many low-altitude penetrating strike missions. Virtual Aircraft Museum website, 12 Jan. 2009: Aircraft directory, International, Panavia MRCA Tornado (the Panavia Tornado is a jet engine fighter-bomber and interceptor jointly developed as the Multi-role combat aircraft - or MRCA - by the United Kingdom, Germany and Italy), http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85136121. Lake, Jon. [12] Britain joined the MRCA group in 1968, represented by Air Vice-Marshal Michael Giddings, and a memorandum of agreement was drafted between Britain, West Germany, and Italy in May 1969. Tornados were pre-positioned to gather situational awareness in the region. [13], By the end of 1968, the prospective purchases from the six countries amounted to 1,500 aircraft. The Tornado GR4 is a variable geometry, two-seat, day or night, all-weather attack aircraft capable of delivering a wide variety of weapons. [255], To celebrate 40 years of service and to mark the type's retirement, several flypasts were carried out on 19, 20 and 21 February over locations such as BAE Warton, RAF Honington and RAF Lossiemouth. [118] 59 RAF aircraft later received the CUSP avionics package which integrated the Paveway IV bomb and installed a new secure communications module from Cassidian in Phase A,[239][122] followed by the Tactical Information Exchange (TIE) datalink from General Dynamics in Phase B. A separate multinational company, Turbo-Union, was formed in June 1970 to develop and build the RB199 engines for the aircraft, with ownership split 40% Rolls-Royce, 40% MTU, and 20% FIAT. Lake, Jon. ", Michael. [239], On 18 March 2011, British Prime Minister David Cameron announced that Tornados and Typhoons would enforce a no-fly zone in Libya. [165] As a stop-gap measure for 10 years the Aeronautica Militare additionally operated 24 Tornado ADVs in the air defence role, which were leased from the RAF to cover the service gap between the retirement of the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter and the introduction of the Eurofighter Typhoon. Variable wing geometry allowed for minimal drag during the low-level dash towards a well-prepared enemy. ", "27 x 145 B ammunition (Switzerland), Cannon – 20 to 30 mm cannon. "In-Flight Short Field Landing Investigations on a Combat Aircraft with Thrust Reverser. The ECR has sensors to detect radar usage and is equipped with anti-radiation AGM-88 HARM missiles. XV (Designate) Squadron on 1 September 1983 at RAF Laarbruch followed by No. The 22 Tornado ADVs were replaced by the Eurofighter Typhoon; the retired aircraft were being purchased back by the UK. The outcome of the Reykjavík Summit in October 1986 between Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev led the end of QRA (Nuclear) for the Tornado force. It doesn't exist officially. [57], As a multirole aircraft, the Tornado is capable of undertaking more mission profiles than the anticipated strike mission; various operators replaced multiple aircraft types with the Tornado as a common type – the use of dedicated single role aircraft for specialist purposes such as battlefield reconnaissance, maritime patrol duties, or dedicated electronic countermeasures (ECM) were phased out – either by standard Tornados or modified variants, such as the Tornado ECR. [235], Prior to the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR)'s publication, the Tornado's retirement was under consideration with savings of £7.5 billion anticipated. [174] The upgrade introduced improved navigation systems (integrated GPS and laser INS) and the ability to carry new weapons, including the Storm Shadow cruise missile, Joint Direct Attack Munition and Paveway III laser-guided bombs. ", "BAE Systems gets £210 million contract to upgrade UK Tornado GR4s", "Software Issues Ground Luftwaffe Tornadoes at Night in the Fight Against Daesh", "Tornados dürfen nachts nicht gegen ISIS fliegen", "Report: German jets useless at night - News - DW - 19.01.2016", "3D-printed components flown in British fighter jet", "Printing planes: BAE Systems now using 3D printed parts in fighter jets", "Ten Years On, Germany Looks Back at Return to War in Kosovo", "Conflict in the Balkans: Half a Century After Hitler, German Jets Join the Attack. In 1999 the training command was renamed as Fliegerisches Ausbildungszentrum der Luftwaffe (FlgAusbZLw - Luftwaffe Training Center). [282] The RAF used the IDS version in the SEAD role instead of the ECR and also modified several of its Tornado F.3s to undertake the mission. 27 Squadron on 12 August. [73], The Tornado incorporates a combined navigation/attack Doppler radar that simultaneously scans for targets and conducts fully automated terrain-following for low-level flight operations. Concerns Project Valued at $17 billion. [216] Only the reconnaissance Tornado GR1As continued flying the low-altitude high-speed profile, emerging unscathed despite the inherent danger in conducting pre-attack reconnaissance. [40] The agreement to purchase the Tornado was part of the controversial Al-Yamamah arms deal between British Aerospace and the Saudi government. ", "US fighter shot down by Patriot missile. [23] In September 1971, the three governments signed an Intention to Proceed (ITP) document, at which point the aircraft was intended solely for the low-level strike mission, where it was viewed as a viable threat to Soviet defences in that role. [272] According to Saudi reports, the downed aircraft was a Tornado of the Royal Saudi Air Force which was on a combat mission in the skies over Saada province in northern Yemen. 617 Squadron on 1 January and No. [227] Problems with Patriot were also suggested as a factor, multiple incidents of mis-identification of friendly aircraft have occurred, including the fatal shootdown of a US Navy F/A-18 a few weeks after the Tornado's loss. 20 (Designate) Squadron in May 1984 (who were operating the SEPECAT Jaguar GR1 from RAF Brüggen). [125] The aircraft being retained have been undergoing a service life extension programme. [39], Export customers were sought after West Germany withdrew its objections to exporting the aircraft; Saudi Arabia was the only export customer of the Tornado. [122], Beginning in 2000, German IDS and ECR Tornados received the ASSTA 1 (Avionics System Software Tornado in Ada) upgrade. [143][144] Following the mission, the German Defence Ministry admitted one aircraft had broken the minimum flying altitude and that mistakes were made in the handling of security of the summit. [160], The end of the Cold War and the signing of the CFE Treaty gave rise to a requirement for Germany to reduce the size of its armed forces, including the number of combat aircraft. [25] Flight testing led to the need for minor modifications. [136] These reconnaissance missions were reportedly responsible for a significant improvement in target selection throughout the campaign. "Aircraft of the RAF: Part 1 – Panavia Tornado". [22] The aircraft was briefly called the Panavia Panther, and the project soon coalesced towards the two-seat option. [177] In the long term, it is planned to replace the Tornado IDS/ECR fleet in Italian service with the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II,[178] with the final Italian Tornado scheduled to be phased out in 2025. [130], The first Tornado prototype made its first flight on 14 August 1974 from Ingolstadt Manching Airport, in what was then West Germany. Contemporary air power needs to be flexible, hard hitting, rapid reaction and readily available. [88], In the decades since the Tornado's introduction, all of the Tornado operators have undertaken various upgrade and modification programmes to allow new weapons to be used by their squadrons. Tornados initially operated from RAF Brüggen, Germany and later moved to Solenzara Air Base, Corsica. The RAF accepted its first delivery on 31 October 1997 and deliveries were completed in 2003. [58][114], Data from International Warbirds: An Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914–2000,[56] Tornado, Modern Fighting Aircraft[355], Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era, Morris, Joe Alex Jr. "Messerschmitt Back in Business. [142], In June 2007, a pair of Luftwaffe Tornados flew reconnaissance missions over an anti-globalisation demonstration during the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm. [246], By 1 March 2015, eight RAF Tornados had been deployed to Akrotiri and conducted 159 airstrikes against IS targets in Iraq.
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